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4.2.3.2.1 Set direction 
The diagram assumes a nested structure of the control process (see part A of this study). The central 
element of track control is formed by an adjustment process for the heading, which determines a set 
value for the rudder angle from the control deviation of the heading. In a control loop lying above this, 
the set value for the heading is determined from a set value for course made good. In the outer loop is 
located the actual “track control”, which determines a set value for course made good from the current 
track deviation. The advantage of this approach is that all theoretically possible degrees of automation 
can be reproduced by this model, from manual control through to the differing adjustment modes of 
modern track control systems (“heading/course/track control”). 
set HDG 
DFD 2.2.2: Set direction