A. Zonderman et al.

Marine Pollution Bulletin 218 (2025) 118216

and their role as stepping stones for non-indigenous species. Hydrobiologia 756,
37-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-2157-1.
Deborde, J., Refait, P., Bustamante, P., Caplat, C., Basuyaux, O., Grolleau, A.-M.,
Mahaut, M.-L., Brach-Papa, C., Gonzalez, J.-L., Pineau, S., 2015. Impact of galvanic
anode dissolution on metal trace element concentrations in marine waters. Water Air
Soil Pollut. 226, 423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-015-2694-x.
Jegraer, S., Carey, D.A., Coolen, J.W.P., Hutchison, Z.L., Kerckhof, F., Rumes, B.,
Yanaverbeke, J., 2020. Offshore wind farm artificial reefs affect ecosystem structure
and functioning: a synthesis. Oceanography 48-57.
Di Tullio, G.R., Mariani, P., Benassai, G., Di Luccio, D., Grieco, L., 2018. Sustainable use
of marine resources through offshore wind and mussel farm co-location. Ecol. Model.
367, 34-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.10.012.
DNVGL-RP-B401 (2017) Cathodic Protection Design. Recommendation Industry
Practice, < /i>.
Ebeling, A., Wippermann, D., Zimmermann, T., Klein, O., Kirchgeorg, T., Weinberg, L.,
Tasenbein, S., Plaß, A., Pröfrock, D., 2023. Investigation of potential metal emissions
rom galvanic anodes in offshore wind farms into North Sea sediments. Mar. Pollut.
3ull. 194, 115396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115396.
Ebeling, A., Wippermann, D., Zimmermann, T., Klein, O., Kirchgeorg, T., Weinberg, L.,
Tasenbein, S., Plaß, A., Pröfrock, D., 2025. Coupling metal concentrations and drift
simulations for tracing emissions from offshore wind farms (Submitted to Marine
>ollution Bulletin). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 214, 117810. https: //doi.org/10.1016/i
narpolbul.2025.117810.
Eılıson, S., Williams, A., da Bettencourt Silva, R., Bremser, W., Brzyski, A., Fodor, P.,
Kaarls, R., Kaus, R., Magnuson, B., di Amico Meane, E., Robousch, P., Roesslein, M.,
van der Veen, A., Walsh, M., Wegscheider, W., Wood, R., Omeroglu, P., Squirrell, A.,
Xuselman, I., Golze, M., 2012. Quantifying Uncertaintv in Analytical Measurement
"QUAM).
Farrington, J.W., Tripp, B.W., Tanabe, S., Subramanian, A., Sericano, J.L., Wade, T.L.,
<nap, A.H., 2016. Edward D. Goldberg’s proposal of “the mussel watch”: reflections
ıfter 40years. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 110, 501-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/i
‚narpulbul.2016.05.074.
Fattorini, D., Notti, A., Di Mento, R., Cicero, A.M., Gabellini, M., Russo, A., Regoli, F.,
2008. Seasonal, spatial and inter-annual variations of trace metals in mussels from
‘he Adriatic Sea: A regional gradient for arsenic and implications for monitoring the
mpact of off-shore activities. Chemosphere 72, 1524-1533. https://doi.org/
.0.1016/j.chemosphere. 2008.04.071.
iryer, R., 2022. Cleaned and processed input data and summary results for the 2022
SPAR CEMP assessment. Data outputs.
Barbarin, M., Turquois, C., Dubillot, E., Huet, V., Churlaud, C., Muttin, F., Thomas, H., Serman Environmental Specimen Bank (Umweltprobenbank), 2020. Accessed &
2023. First quantitative biomonitoring study of two ports (marina, commerce) in en Ss N
French littoral area: evaluation of metals released into the marine environment and ee EEE. BE MEN “
tn a TR Moral Biviren, 857, 155% hüneesllhong Golding, L.A., Angel, B.M., Batley, G.E., Apte, S.C., Krassoi, R., Doyle, C.J., 2015.
Tamm M., Binder, 6 Bosch, Car Fischen, N., Graff, M., Haaße, D., Heins, O., Hiller, B., Derivation of a water quality guideline for aluminium in marine waters. Environ.
fonetzki, H., Krebs, T., Pflugfelde, J., Uhlendorf, H.-J., Wachholz, A., 2009. = Tosieol. Fr 34, 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2771.
Kathodischer Korrosionsschutz im Wasserbau. Hafentechnische Gesellschaft e.V., SONETO, De De His Ares 18 Reit Les Nünch Cs Spagnolo, As Synmeellas Get 20
„mbar. A multidiseiplinary approach to evaluate the environmental impact of offshore gas
3ell, A.M., von der Au, M., Regnery, J., Schmid, M., Meermann, B., Reifferscheid, G., olatforms in the western Adriatic Sea. Chem. Ecol. 27, 1-13. https://doi.org/
Ternes, T., Buchinger, S., 2020. Does galvanic cathodic protection by aluminum G KO LOBO OTTO 940.201 167598. 6. vi A. Dagenino, A. L. 2015. U
ınodes impact marine organisms? Environmental Sciences Europe 32, 157. https:// ED pato, na ON BSCh Ang PEFPA, Ch MARTENS OL Te AEEDIRO, As tal, 1 SC
doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-00441-3. of multiple cell and tissue-level biomarkers in mussels collected along two 8as fields
BSH. Nordseezustand 2008-2011. In Berichte des BSH. Hamburg und Rostock: n the northern Adriatic Sea as a tool for long term environmental monitoring. Mar.
Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie. 2016. I Dollut. Bull. 93, 228-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.12.034,
3SH, 2023. Flächenentwicklungsplan 2023 für die deutsche Nordsee und Ostsee, Sunda, Se Sn Ras ES N 2017: en EN OD SOON, St ES Kahn
Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, Hamburg & Rostock. International Journal of Scientific Research in Seienee, Engineering and Technology
u Chemical emissions from olfshore wind. Tarmıs- summary of the SWEC, 2025. Global Offshore Wind Report 2025. Glohal Wind Energy Council, Brussels.
*uck, B.H., Krause, G., Pogoda, B., Grote, B., Wever, L., Goseberg, N., Schupp, M.F., ae Lassen, S., Ruhnau, C., Pröfrock, D., Erbslöh, H.-B., Prange, A., 2015.
Mochtak, A., Czybulka, D., 2017. The German case study: Pioneer projects of ‘ Dan th > t 0 f trans lanted blue mussel M tilus x
1quaculture-wind farm multi-uses. In: Buck, B.H., Langan, R. (Eds.), Aquaculture Pest ERT ON SR U DESS MESSE OL DET . an vi SB
Jerspective of multi-use sites in the open ocean: the untapped potential for marine during a Jens PS SR: SXPSIINSNE SEHE SEEN DEI SIATLONS In ie
'‚esources in the Anthropocene. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Sa EN © On SS Mar. Pnviron. Res. 110, 69-80. https /oi.ör/ 10.1016)
J- il „07.021.
Papier, Ge Oral Mahaut, M.-L., Mao, A., Barillier, D., Guida, M., Della Rocca, C. Heimbolz, 4. Raulbamı, Se Bröfrock; Hz Febzlöh, H.-B., Pranges Ay, 2016. Soasonal and
ag G., 2010. Comparative Hozieities of alıminam and ze from snerificial ) annual varlatlons Mn physiological and biochemical TOSPONSOS from transplanted
aınodes or from sulfate salt in sea urchin embryos and sperm. Ecotoxicol. Environ. MEHS OMA SPSCIS Mantilus Spp: Marge long m RE ERPOSUTS
Saf. 73, 1138-1143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.06.024. Sxpeiment Sci. Total Environ. 565, 626-636. https: //doi.org/10.1016/i
Coolen, J.W.P., Vanaverbeke, J., Dannheim, J., Garcia, C., Birchenough, S.N.R., 4 Score. 2016.04:202:
n . ie engstmann, E., Corella, P.Z., Alter, K., Belzunce-Segarra, M..J., Booth, A.M., Castro-Krone,
 R., Beermann, J., 2022. Generalized changes of benthic communities after Jimenez, J., Czerner, N., De Cauwer, K., Deviller, G., Gomiero, A., Goseberg, N.
‚onstruction of wind farms in the southern North Sea. J. Environ. Manage. 315, EM We ? NR ED N a 20
115173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115173. ehe 5. EB Mason, ee 5 9PS ige EEE Plaß, Sn
Costas-Rodriguez, M., Lavilla, I., Bendicho, C., 2010. Classification of cultivated mussels Wood. D  eeinber  4adt. ©. Zoadermran. A. Kenvon. J Te alte, B 5 025
‘rom Galicia (Northwest Spain) with European protected designation of origin using °h T 1 - Be © ff. hr a. af A Wi id y ifi u hall > nn
:race element fingerprint and chemometric analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta 664, 121-128 WACHMEAL SMISS10N5 TOM OFSAOFE WiHd TArMS: ZFOMA 4 SDHHERO ES CDBSS ID
attps://doi,org/10.1016/j.aca.2010.03.003. mpact assessment and regulation. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 215, 117915. https://doi.org/
Irnshy, M.P., Gale, L.ND . 1990. A review and evaluation of bivalve condition index 0.1016 marpolbnl.2025.117915. . UL
" x nn ICES, 2021. Assessment criteria for contaminants in biota.
methodologies with a suggested standard method. J. Shellfish. Res. 9, 233-237. . kn . .
f " - Kirchgeorg, T., Weinberg, I., Hörnig, M., Baier, R., Schmid, M.J., Brockmeyer, B., 2018.
anne es Hasen A N AN: LT Ras ET AR EA Emissions from corrosion protection systems of offshore wind farms: evaluation of
Se Martin KA Re a A ‘he potential impact on the marine environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 136, 257-268.
Wilding, T.A., Wilhelmsson, D., Degraer, S., 2019. Benthic effects of offshore „ESEL ZONEN: en
. er Klein, O., Zimmermann, T., Pröfrock, D., 2021. Improved determination of
‚enewables: identification of knowledge gaps and urgently needed research. ICES J. hnologically eritical elements in sediment digests by ICP-MS/MS using N20 as a
Mar. Sci. 77, 1092-1108. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz018. technol0g1cat'y SC DY 5 08108
Je Mesel, I., Kerckhof, F., Norro, A., Rumes, B., Degraer, S., 2015. Succession and A A
seasonal dynamics of the epifauna community on offshore wind farm foundations D1JA00088H.

feedback on the manuscript.
This work was supported by the BSH through the project OffChEm II
(BSH contract code: 10052123, hereon contract code and 169/2021)
Alexa Zonderman was funded by Anemoi (project number 41-2-13-22),
 an Interreg North Sea project co-funded by the European Union
Dominik Wippermann acknowledges funding through the projects
OffChEm II (BSH contract code: 10052123, Hereon contract code and
169/2021), MetroPOEM (2022-2025) funded by the European Partnership
 on Metrology (Funder ID: 10.13039/100019599) and Plastic-Trace
 (2022-2025), also funded by the European Partnership on
Metrology (Funder ID: 10.13039/100019599).
Anna Ebeling received funding through the BMBF flagship project
H2Mare (funding IDs 0O3HY302J and 03HY303G)
Lars Hildebrandt and Ole Klein acknowledge funding of the project
>_LEACH (https: //www.ufz.de/P-LEACH) from the Helmholtz Associaion,
 Innovation Pool of the Research Field Earth and Environment in
support of the Research Program “Changing Earth — Sustaining our
Future”,
Appendix A. Supplementary data