232 
233 
234 
235 
236 
237 
238 
239 
The three-dimensional CFD modelling domain concerning the ship model is shown in 
Figure 3. The dimensions of the computational domain, shown in Figure 3, are A and B, 
corresponding to 0.8 km and 0.5 km, respectively. The black dotted lines denote the vessel’s 
location. The boundary condition types are the same for all cases and are described in Table 3. The 
wind, temperature and ambient pressure characteristics are set as initial conditions. The wind 
direction is always perpendicular to side 1 and the wind profile and speed are given as initial 
conditions at this boundary. Then, the ship model is rotated in relation to the wind until the desired 
angle (®) of its axis with the wind direction is achieved. 
Side 3 AS 
An 
# 
‚8 
id 
CC 
09 1 
Side 1 
yo d 
A 
Funnel / 
/ en 
Ship 
"u 
240 
241 
242 
243 
744 
Figure 3: Simulations’ Domain design: Basic dimensions and vessel’s construction location described by A = 0.8 km and B = 0.5 
km. Also, boundaries names and rotation of the ship according to wind direction and velocity profile are illustrated. 
Table 3: Domain’s boundary condition types, considering CFD model in OpenFOAM 
Side 1 
Side2 | Side3 
Side 4 
Top 
Bottom | Ship | Funnel 
Boundary 
condition 
| inlet 
symmetry 
| outlet 
symmetry 
symmetry 
| noslip 
| no slip | inlet 
245 
246 
247 
248 
249 
250 
251 
252 
253 
254 
255 
256 
The domain’s volume is divided into smaller tetrahedral cells by the use of the meshing 
generator BETA CAE ANSA (Figure 4a). The number of cells for each case depends on the 
vessel’s design and varies between 5 and 15 million. The concentration points receive values that 
are exported by the interpolation of surrounding point values that correspond to cells. The 
interpolation of each point depends on its spatial location inside the cell and the length of the cell 
edges, which vary between 3 — 4 m in the area of interest. The mesh gets finer closer to the ship 
due to the more complex geometry (Figure 4b). The cell resolution at the bottom boundary is finer 
than at the top because results of interest are mainly exported at heights 7 to 11 m above the water 
level (Figure 4). Layers are added above the bottom boundary for a more accurate solution in 
turbulence modelling, taking into consideration that the turbulence model that will be used is the 
SST k-® one (Figure 40). 
11