Naldmann et al. 
A 
0.0044 
0.0042 
0.004 
0.0038 
0.0036 
0.0034 
la) 
Pa 
combined uncertainty 
, of individual results 
{only sensors 1,4,5} 
-0-0-0-5-0-8-0-0-0-0-0-— 7 
Less 
x 
100 
Minutes 
150 
«Sensor 1 
—Sensor 3 
Sensor 4 
Sensor 5 
5 
).06 
S 
SS 
= 0.05 
7,04 
1.03 
0.02 
je 
10.3389/fmars.2022.1002153 
Sensor 1 
Sensor 3 
Sensor 4 
s-Sensor5 
calibration 
uncertainty | \ 
/ 
ud 
„es 
Kachalte 
FIGURE 6 
Zombined uncertainties corresponding to the 5 min means shown in Figure 5. The dashed line in the figure on the left-hand side (panel A, low 
‚ariability period P3), show the approximate combined uncertainties of the individual values (raw data) of sensors 1,4,5 (that of sensor 3 is 
slightly larger because of its larger calibration uncertainty). The dashed line in the figure on the right-hand side (B) approximates the calibration 
JUncertainty of the sensors (high variability P2) 
individual group have been measured in the same time interval, 
however, the values of a group have been slightly shifted along 
che x-axis to improve visibility of the individual results and their 
uncertainty bars. The red dot in the middle of each group 
indicates the average of the four sensor results in that group, 
simply calculated by the arithmetic mean of the four results. The 
1.0010 
1.0000 
hd 
0.9990 
- 80 minutes in P3 
corresponding uncertainty bar indicates +/- twice the standard 
deviation of the four results (95% confidence). It is an estimate of 
the uncertainty of the average in the respective interval. It should 
be noted that other estimators could be used for the average and 
its uncertainty (Maronna et al., 2006). The uncertainty weighted 
mean would for instance consider the uncertainties of the 
+ 85 minutes in P3 
= 90 minutes in P3 
3.9980 
e Sensor1 + Sensor3 »Sensor4 »* Sensor5 + Mean (four sensors) 
FIGURE 7 
Magnified 5 min means corresponding to the Figure 6 (right hand side) with growing variable conditions, illustrating the spread of the best 
astimate derived from the four different sensors and their expanded uncertainties. The associated times have been slightly shifted to improve 
he presentation The red dots indicate the arithmetic mean of all four sensors and the uncertainty bars their expanded uncertainties 
Zrontiers in Marine Science 
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