N° 7 2021 
(Donovan et al., 2017; Thomsen et al, 2019; Mortensen et al, 
2021). Whilst modelling can play a significant role in impact 
assessments, there is still uncertainty in some of the parameters. 
This can be addressed by identifying those key parameters in 
the models and undertaking field measurements, research and 
monitoring of species and noise. 
Concerning monitoring of noise and marine animals, considerable 
progress has been made in Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) 
device durability, frequency response and especially in the 
capability to transmit data online. This has led to a rapid increase 
in PAM around Europe and elsewhere. Elaborate tools have been 
further progressed that allow for automatic species recognition 
(e.g. PAMguard>°°). Other methods, e.g. infrared cameras and 
satellite imagery, used for surveying marine mammals have 
emerged and show potential for further development (Zitterbart 
ot al., 2020). 
4.4.2 Dose-response assessment 
There has been significant progress in advancing the methods for 
controlled exposure experiments (see Harris et al, 2015; Dunlop 
et al., 2018; Harris et al., 2018; and see Chapter 3). This has been 
revolutionised by the further development and increased use 
of digital and acoustic tags to monitor marine mammal and fish 
behaviour in the wild in the past decade (Johnson & Tyack, 2003; 
Mueller-Blenkle et al., 2010; van der Knaap et al., 2021). Tags are 
placed on the body of marine mammals and record variables 
such as received sound, orientation and speed of the animal, dive 
depth and even some physiological measurements such as oxygen 
uptake. For fish, acoustic tags are placed inside the fish or on their 
body and emit an acoustic signal that can then be used to track 
their location (Hussey et al., 2015). Other technologies such as PAM 
and drone technology are now allowing real time documentation 
of the behaviour of marine mammals during sound exposure and 
also of changing body condition and health (Moretti et al., 2014; 
Torres et al., 2018; Centelleghe et al., 2020). 
Sound re5p0ze 
eveln the 
zurrent imestep 
0-4) 
DA Above3 
a 37_3 
= 
—— 0-1 
"X Below 0 
nn 
Sound pressure jevel (ms) 
Above 1646 
63.2 - 164.6 
61.8 - 163.2 
60.4 - 161,8 
59.0 - 160,4 
57.6 - 159.0 
56.2 - 157.6 
4.8 - 156.2 
53.4 - 154.8 
5720-1554 
50.6 -152.0 
49.2 - 150.6 
47.5 - 149.2 
46.4 - 147.5 
15.0- 146.4 
72.5 -145.0 
48.0- 725 
4.0- 48.0 
0.0- 24.0 
CE 
| Undefined Valıe 
rigure 12. Snapshot of the predicted flight response behaviour of virtual whale agents due iv 
anthropogenir noise from offshore pile driving activities 
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