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review progress on mitigation and management measures, and 
to develop advice on priority actions to address noise impacts on 
cetaceans. 
To translate all these non-binding recommendations and ambitions 
into concrete actions, international cooperation is paramount. Calls 
have also been made to incorporate technological noise mitigation 
and policy solutions into legally binding national and international 
commitments (Nowacek et al., 2015; Merchant, 2019; Lewandowski 
& Staaterman, 2020; Duarte et al., 2021), such as in the forthcoming 
treaty under the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea on 
the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity 
in areas beyond national jurisdiction (Duarte et al., 2021). 
in the last decade there has been some progress in international 
efforts to reduce noise from shipping (see Cruz et al., 2021). In 2008, 
the International Maritime Organization (IMO) set up a group to 
develop non-mandatory technical guidelines on ship noise control 
strategies, resulting in the "MO Guidelines for the reduction of 
underwater noise from commercial shipping to address adverse 
impacts on marine life' (IMO, 2014). This guidance focussed on both 
technological and operational aspects. In 2019, the International 
Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)? formed a working 
group to look at impacts in the marine environment from 
shipping, including impacts from noise. More recently, in 2021, 
a proposal from the Canadian delegation to IMO was approved, 
which recommended a review of the IMO Guidelines to identify 
barriers for their implementation, to promote the development of 
technological innovations, leveraging synergies with ship energy 
efficiency, requirements for decarbonization and greenhouse gas 
reduction, and to develop action plans. 
https://www.ices.dk/community/groups/Pages/WGSHIP.aspx 
9 https://www.dnv.com/services/class-notations-noise-and-vibration-471 2 
1 https://marine-offshore.bureauveritas.com/nr6 1 4-underwater-radiated-noise-urn 
2 Farmerly Registra Italiana Nauale https //uuww fing ara/en/media /mews /201 9/05 /1 6 /ninn-dalnhir 
Over the last 10 years, ship classification societies such as Det 
Norske Veritas?, Bureau Veritas?!, RINA??, American Bureau of 
Shipping? and Lloyd’s Register?* have developed specific class 
rules for underwater radiated noise from vessels, to encourage 
noise reduction. In 2017, the Port of Vancouver in Canada included 
underwater noise in their program to foster green shipping (Port 
of Vancouver, 2020). Ships that comply with certain class rules, 
including those for noise limits, are eligible for a port fee discount. 
Similarly, in 2013, the Port of Auckland introduced the Hauraki 
Sulf Transit Protocol?®, which includes a voluntary 10 knot speed 
limit. This was originally intended to reduce ship strikes on whales; 
however, it has also helped to reduce underwater noise levels in this 
ecologically important area (Putland et al., 2018). More work is now 
needed to include different ship service profiles and operational 
conditions into the class rules, and encourage harbour authorities 
in Europe to follow these international examples. 
Through enhanced international cooperation, the last decade also 
saw the publication of international standards for measuring and 
(ecordingunderwatersound. In 2016,thefirst internationallyaccepted 
standard from the International Standards Organization (ISO) for 
measurements of underwater sound from ships in deep water was 
published (ISO 17208-1:2016). One year later, ISO 18405:2017 defined 
terms and expressions used in the field of underwater acoustics, 
including natural, biological and anthropogenic sound and particle 
motion parameters, setting the foundation for future standards 
and facilitating communication among stakeholders. Norms were 
also published on the standardization of noise measurements from 
percussive pile-driving (ISO 18406:2017), and on noise mitigation 
systems for pile-driving activities (DIN-SPEC 45653:2017). A new ISO 
standard focusing on the quantities and procedures for description 
https://ww2.eagle.org/en/Products-and-Services/environmental-performance/ship 
radiated-noise1.html 
https://www.Ir.org/en /latest-news/new-underwater-noise-notation/ 
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