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IZUFre 4. Examples of Copernicus Marine Service Evolution R&D activities that have been transferred into operations 
Service Evolution R&D projects also contributed to upgrades 
in systems underpinning Copernicus Marine Service 
products to generate the best possible ocean information 
and to prepare the next generation of operational systems. 
Among various developments, there are: 
enhanced representations of coupling effects between 
ocean-wave-sea-ice-atmosphere components, 
a more complete representation of dynamical 
processes in ocean and wave models, 
upgraded data assimilation capabilities (including to 
prepare ensemble data assimilation), 
enhanced capabilities in regional ocean uncertainty 
quantification, 
development of bio-optical models and assimilation 
of optical data, 
improved modelling of tides In global models of the 
general ocean circulation. 
Several projects also focused on enhanced quality 
assessment procedures of Copernicus Marine Service 
products (Sotillo et al., this issue). 
Jverall, projects have also provided a better scientific 
understanding on ocean dynamics, which provides 
insights on processes for which an enhanced representation 
in systems could allow a better representation and 
monitoring of the ocean state. The corresponding gradual 
scientific and technical improvements of Copernicus 
Marine Service integrated systems have contributed 
to deliver ocean forecasts and reanalyses of increased 
accuracy for a better marine environment monitoring. 
-inally, several R&D projects paved the way for future key 
evolutions for potential new service lines envisioned for 
the Copernicus Service Marine. Such evolutions include: 
- a better coastal zone state monitoring and forecasting 
(e.g., Sentinel satellite derived nearshore bathymetry, 
shoreline position, and turbidity, improved interfacing 
of regional products with coastal products), 
land-estuary-ocean continuum for consolidated river 
discharges of dissolved and particulate matter), 
development of probabilistic forecasts and improved 
characterization of uncertainties associated to model 
products, 
- preparation of the next generation of Arctic sea-ice 
forecasting system, 
- development of regional ocean climate change 
projections for the 21st century, 
- use of machine learning techniques to generate high- 
‚evel observation-based products, 
- development of indicators for marine species (e.g., 
habitats). 
Another type of achievement from Tier 2 Service Evolution 
R&D projects is the widening of the Copernicus Marine 
Service scientific community they provoked, with an 
involvementof various EU countries (Figure 3). For instance, 
the 2nd batch of 18 projects were conducted by scientific 
teams involving more than 26 public and private institutes 
across Europe, thereby expanding the Copernicus Marine 
scientific community and developing new and frultfu. 
partnerships with the research community. For 68% of the 
"st batch of projects, the Principal Investigator’s institute 
was not an already existing partner of the Service