D. Wolf et al. 
SuUL7 
5u-7* 
SL: 
PS-3 
E 
A 
FE 
SU-6: 
A MA 
51-53 
All. 
a 
SU -A 
Al 
| ]-“ 
| 
1edimentelogle features 
+73 quyylal gravel 
dayay and um kam 
andy Orc 
0653 rich In fine sand 
located [oessk: material 
Eh aba 
weogenic features 
rubefed B-harlzarı 
akcaraous / qypsy pseuc-myceNa 
Aydremanphle: feature 
il] 
Figure 5. (color online) Photographs of various loess sections with shovel for scale (60 cm); schematic cross-section of the Villamanrique 
section. (A, B) Typical appearance of SU-3 in the Villamanrique section (B) and another section near the valley bottom (A); note alternation 
between dark-brown clayey deposits and the hardened laminar carbonate enrichments. (C) Lower and middle parts of the Paraiso section with 
indication of sediment units (SU) and palaeo surfaces (PS-1 to PS-3); note the whitish marls of SU-1 at base of the section. (D) Lower and 
middle part of the Villarubia section. The paleosol PS-1 shows less intense development compared to the other sections, and PS-3 has very 
weak features. (E) Schematic cross-section of the Villamanrique section (40°5’32.75”N, 3°11’29.46”W; 546 m asl). The outcrop is located at 
the bottom of a tributary valley and was strongly influenced by slope processes and surface runoff during the last glacial period as shown by the 
admixture of pebbles and coarse-grained sediments, a secondary fluvial channel-fill at the top of the sequence, and erosion discordances. Nev- 
ertheless., units SU-3 and SU-4 show features that are similar to those found in other sections. including the strong paleosol linked to PS-1. 
fraction is dominated by calcıum carbonate minerals, while in 
Paraiso, it consists almost entirely of carbonate minerals. 
Similarly, fine sand content also increases. The upper part 
af SU-6 shows signs of a weak paleosol (PS-3; Fig. 5C, D) 
with a reddish ochre-brown color and a sharp boundary 
with high concentrations of calcified roots in the lower part. 
The Fe(d)/Fe(t)-ratios show a minimal increase, but all 
other analytical information including magnetic susceptibil- 
ity and clay contents do not indicate that soil-forming pro- 
cesses happened. Thus, we propose that the weak coloring 
was caused by surface exposure under environmental condi- 
tions that hampered the occurrence of major pedogenic pro- 
cesses. Higher carbonate contents within the paleosol 
{PS-3) were most probably caused by secondary recalcifica- 
tion originating from overlying sediments. 
Massive loess deposition in SU-7 
The formation of SU-7 was related to the most pronounced 
phase of loess deposition during the last glacial period. In 
SU-7, coarse silt and fine sand reach maximum values, 
with portions of the unit containing >20% fine sand, indicat- 
ing highest wind strengths during the last glacial period. This 
is likewise demonstrated by a PSI of more than 3, and up to 
3.6 in a sample from —2.5-m-depth in the Villarubia section 
‘Fig. 7). Loess deposits have slightly reddish-ochre colors 
with some intercalated pale greyish-ochre layers. In the Vil- 
larubia section, small sandy lenses appear at a depth of 3 m 
and probably indicate short-distance relocation by slope pro- 
cesses or maximum wind gusts. At least one temporarily sta- 
ble palaeo surface is indicated within SU-7 (PS-4; Fig. 3C) by 
Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 77 191.167.9, on 05 Feb 2021 at 17:09:02. subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use. available at 
attns‘/Aananar cambridae oraf/careifterms https‘ //idal ara410 1017/maı 20720 
m“