Upper Tagus loess formation and the marine atmosphere off the Iberian margin 
Figure 11. (color online) Microphotographs in plain polarized light (PPL) and crossed polarized light (XPL): (A) Apedal material, channel 
microstructure, mainly silt-sized particles (PPL) in sample Pa3 (Paraiso section, 570 cm; see also Table 3); (B) Same image as (A) under XPL, 
calcitic crystallitic b-fabric, note the sand-sized grain in the silty matrix. (C) Depletion hypocoating (DH), note the speckled b-fabric of the 
matrix adjacent to the void (XPL) in sample Pal (Parafso section, 710 cm); (D) Calcitic hypocoating (CH), note the strong calcitic crystallitic 
53-fabric of the matrix adjacent to the void (XPL) in sample Pa3 (Parafso section, 570 cm); (E) Compound calcitic hypocoating and depletion 
infilling (CH-DI) (PPL) in sample Pa5 (Paraiso section, 460 cm); (F) Gypsum coating of a void (GC) (XPL) in sample Pa5 (Paraiso section, 
460 em). 
for differing intensities of surface erosion dynamics. For 
example, the only site where a paleosol was found within 
SU-5 is the well-preserved surroundings of a small tributary 
valley at the Paraiso section. In all other sections, no indica- 
tions of this paleosol were found, pointing to stronger erosion 
processes that affected these sections. This demonstrates 
that the inclusion of numerous profile sections enabled com- 
pilation of a representative stratigraphic standard profile 
because each site is affected by a different interplay of various 
earth surface processes. Processing any one individual sec- 
on Would not have led to obtaining a complete sedimentary 
sequence. However, it also follows that a precise stratigraphic 
correlation between different sections may be challenging. 
Therefore, we used a combination of stratigraphic results as 
well as geochemical and geophysical information in order 
cO correlate the sections. This became especially important 
in the less differentiated upper parts comprising SU-7, 
SU-8, and SU-9. In Figure 10, we demonstrate that the 
stratigraphic correlation is supported by the values of Fe(d)/ 
Fe(t), chemical proxy of alteration (CPA), and magnetic 
susceptibility. 
Chronological information of the Upper Tagus loess 
record 
In order to provide the Tagus loess record with a chronolog- 
cal framework, luminescence dating was performed on 25 
samples. These samples were taken from the Paraiso, 
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