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She et al. Integrated Coastal and Biological Observing Frontiers in Marine Science | www.frontiersin.org 6 July 2019 | Volume 6 | Article 314 • Contribute to a global observatory network, using standard protocols, techniques, and appropriate platforms, and ensuring quality, scalability, interoperability and comparability, especially for biological observing. Parameter Integration • Support parameter integration to deliver efficiently and timely marine observations in the entire spectrum of ocean variables and significantly improve the efficiency of the data use. • Bring together and connect the different marine and maritime stakeholders (from research, operational service, environmental assessment to commercial activities), developing common data policy to engage data providers from different sectors for wider data access. • Support integration initiatives, like the EMODnet, EOOS and the agreement between MBON, the GOOS Biology and Ecosystems Panel, and the OBIS; to facilitate user applications and unlock the value of observations. REFERENCES Alvarez, A., and Mourre, B. (2012). Optimum sampling designs for a glider mooring observing network. /. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 4, 601-613. doi: 10.1175/ JTECH- D-ll -00105.1 Babin, M., Roesler, C. S., and Cullen, J. J. (eds) (2008). Real-time Coastal Observing Systems for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics and Harmful Algal Blooms: Theory, Instrumentation and Modelling. Oceanographic Methodology Series. Paris: UNESCO, 807. Barth, J. A., Allen, S. E., Dever, E. P., Dewey, R. K., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., et al. (2019). Better regional ocean observing through cross-nation cooperation: a case study from the Northeast Pacific. Front. Mar. Sci. 6:93. doi: 10.3389/fmars. 2019.00093 Benedetti-Cecchi, L., Crowe, T., Boehme, L., Boero, F., Christensen, A., Gremare, A., et al. (2018). “Strengthening Europe’s Capability in Biological Ocean Observations,” in Future Science Brief 3, eds A. Muniz Piniella, P. Kellett, K. Larkin, and J. J. Heymans (Ostend: European Marine Board), 76. Borja, A., Elliott, M., Andersen, J. H., Berg, T., Carstensen, J., Halpern, B. S., et al. (2016). Overview of integrative assessment of marine systems: the ecosystem approach in practice. Front. Mar. Sci. 3:20. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2016. 00020 Corredor, J. E. (2018). Coastal Ocean Observing. Platforms, Sensors and Systems. Berlin: Springer. Heip, C., and McDonough, N. (2012). Marine Biodiversity: A Science Roadmap for Europe, Vol. 1. Ostend: European Marine Board. Hill, K. L., Moltmann, T., Proctor, R., and Allen, S. (2009). Australia’s integrated marine observing system. Meteorol. Technol. Int. 1,114-120. Le-Traon, P. Y., Reppucci, A., Fanjul, E. A., Aouf, L., Behrens, A., Belmonte, M., et al. (2019). From observation to information and users: the copernicus marine service perspective. Front. Mar. Sci. 6:234. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00234 Liu, Y., Kerkering, H., and Weisberg, R. H. (eds) (2015). Coastal Ocean Observing System. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Malone, T. C., and Cole, M. (2000). Toward a global scale coastal ocean observing system. Oceanography 13, 7-11. doi: 10.5670/oceanog. 2000.48 Miguez, B. M., Novellino, A., Vinci, M., Claus, S., Calewaert, J.-B., Vallius, H., et al. (2019). The european marine observation and data network (EMODnet): visions and roles of the gateway to marine data in Europe. Front. Mar. Sci. doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2000.48 Miloslavich, P., Bax, N. J., Simmons, S. E., Klein, E., Appeltans, W., Aburto- Oropeza, O., et al. (2018). Essential ocean variables for global sustained observations of biodiversity and ecosystem changes. Glob. Change Biol. 24, 2416-2433. doi: 10.1111/gcb. 14108 Instrumental Integration • Support instrumental integration to deliver the best monitoring products through integrating different monitoring components - in situ, satellite, and modeling. • Filling knowledge gaps for the development of coastal and ecological services, e.g., biogeochemical and biological data assimilation, uncertainty in ecological models, optimal sampling design methodology. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication. FUNDING This work was supported by Danish Meteorological Institute. Moltmann, T., Turton, J., Zhang, H., Nolan, G., Gouldman, C., Griesbauer, L., et al. (2019). A global ocean observing system (GOOS), delivered through enhanced collaboration across regions, communities, and new technologies. Front. Mar. Sci. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00291 Muller-Karger, F. E., Miloslavich, P., Bax, N., Simmons, S., Costello, M. J., Sousa Pinto, I., et al. (2018). Advancing marine biological observations by linking the essential ocean variables (EOVs) and essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) frameworks and data requirements. Front. Mar. Sci. 5:211. doi: 10.3389/fmars. 2018.00211 Oke, P. R., Larnicol, G., Jones, E. M., Kourafalou, V. H., Sperrevik, A. K., Carse, F., et al. (2015). Assessing the impact of observations on ocean forecasts and reanalyses: Part 2: regional applications. /. Oper. Oceanogr. 8(Suppl. 1), s63-s79. doi: 10.1080/1755876X.2015.1022080 She, J. (2018). “Assessment of Baltic Sea observations for operational oceanography,” in Proceedings of the 8th EuroGOOS International Conference, eds E. Buch, V. Fernández, D. Eparkhina, P. Gorringe, and G. Nolan (Bergen: EuroGOOS), 79-87. She, J., Allen, I., Buch, E., Crise, A., Johannessen, J. A., Le Traon, P.-Y., et al. (2016). Developing european operational oceanography for blue growth, climate change adaptation and mitigation, and ecosystem-based management. Ocean Sci. 12, 953-976. doi: 10.5194/os-12-953-2016 She, J., Armstrup, B., Borenas, K., Buch, E., Funkquist, L., Luyten, P., et al. (2006). “ODON: optimal design of observational networks,” in Proceedings of the Scientific Report ofEU Fifth Framework Project ODON (Optimal Design of Observational Networks), Belgium, 56. She, J., Buch, E., and Nolan, G. (2017). Report on Fessons Fearned from OSSE Experiments in Support of the Definition of Requirements to an in-Situ Observing System. EuroGOOS-CMEMS report D2.4.1. BergemEuroGOOS, 80. Springtall, J., and Meyers, G. (1991). An optimal XBT sampling network for the eastern Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 96,10539-10552. Conflict of Interest Statement: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Copyright © 2019 She, Muñiz Piniella, Benedetti-Cecchi, Boehme, Boero, Christensen, Crowe, Darecki, Nogueira, Gremare, Hernandez, Kouts, Kromkamp, Petihakis, Sousa Pinto, Reissmann, Tuomi and Zingone. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Ficense (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.