Glossary 
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Dynamic loadings of the ground 
These result from high-frequency periodical (vibration) or intermittent transient effects (shocks) that 
create such a high stress modification rate in the ground that inertia forces cannot be neglected, 
and which principally establish small deformations of a constant volume with a quasi-elastic na 
ture. 
Ultimate limit state (ULS) 
This is reached when the augmentation of resistances results in intolerably large stresses on the 
ground, the foundation elements or their components. 
Serviceability limit state (SLS) 
This is reached when the augmentation of impacts (usage loads) would result in intolerably large 
overall shifts or permanent dislocations of the ground, the foundation elements or their componen 
ts. 
Fatigue limit state (FLS) 
This is reached when the total loadings of the ground have resulted in a reduction either in the rigidi 
ty or the strength of the ground or parts thereof, with the effect that stability against collapse and/or 
serviceability of the foundation can no longer be guaranteed for the structure. 
Foundation elements 
These are all design components by means of which the support structure (generally speaking the 
substructure) is placed on or anchored in the ground. They carry the necessary force effects durably 
and safely into the ground. 
Static loadings or quasi-static loadings of the ground 
These result from impacts which principally have magnitudes with a monotonic structure and only 
change insignificantly or which only occur rarely (as maximum magnitude). 
Cyclical loadings 
These result from effects with a large number of regular or irregular, low frequency magnitude 
changes, with or without changes of direction.