90 
Appendices 
Frequency of occurrence 
Marine transport within the relevant sea area shall serve to determine the frequency of occur 
rence. On this basis, possible danger statuses shall be identified and the respective probabi 
lity of occurrence of each of these determined. The probabilities of occurrence shall be cate 
gorised as follows: 
Qualitative 
Probability of occurrence 
[-] 
[1/year] 
Frequent 
H > io- 1 
Occasional 
Id' 1 > H > io- 2 
Rare 
IO' 2 > H > io- 3 
Extremely rare 
10 3 > H 
Table 1-1.1: Probability of occurrence (cases per year) 
The representative reference ships (according to type, size and gauge of the ship) to be used 
for the collision analysis shall be determined within the scope of the marine transport analysis 
in the relevant sea area. This selection is to be agreed upon by the GDWS via the BSH before 
compiling the collision analysis. 
Collision analysis 
Collision safety can be mathematically estimated using suitable simulation programmes. This 
includes, for example, FE programmes with an explicit solver for dynamic problems, such as 
LS-Dyna, MSC.Dytran, Abaqus Explicit, Pam Crash. Furthermore, processes have been deve 
loped for evaluating the collision safety of offshore platforms based on the yield hinge theory. 
These processes are implemented, for example, in the „USFOS“ calculation programme. 
There is a free choice of calculation method. Proof of applicability is to be provided. 
The collision analysis determines the consequences of specified scenarios. To achieve this, 
the damage to offshore wind turbines as well as to ships, the environment and the safety of 
individuals shall be accordingly evaluated (Table 1-1.2). 
Qualitative 
Offshore Wind Turbine 
Ship/Environment 
Safety 
Insignificant 
Offshore wind turbine can 
continue to be operated 
No or minor damage, no 
leakage of pollutants 
No injuries 
Significant 
Offshore wind turbine defect, 
repair possible 
Outer hull penetrated, 
operating materials from side 
tank/double floor flow into 
the water 
Few injuries 
Serious 
Offshore wind turbine 
destroyed 
Inner hull penetrated, 
loading tanks are leaking 
Serious injuries, small 
number of fatalities 
Catastrophic 
- 
Ship breaks apart, sinks 
Large number of 
fatalities 
Table 1-1.2: Consequences