Acknowledgements 
This research benefitted from strategic planning and collaborative activities advanced 
through meetings of the ICES/IOC/I MO Working Group on Ballast and Other Ship Vectors. This 
paper presents the results of systematic investigative research, and neither endorses nor 
discourages the use of the technologies tested. We gratefully acknowledge the crew of the R/V 
METEOR for their collaboration and hospitality, Jarl Knutsvik for practical assistance on board, 
and many colleagues for helpful suggestions that contributed to our analysis and discussion. 
We thank Stephan Gollasch for the loan of various ballast sampling equipment and Wendy Allan 
(Carl Zeiss Canada) for the loan of a microscope. 
Funding 
We acknowledge the German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Transport 
Canada, and Fisheries and Oceans Canada for funding. 
References 
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Bentley-Mowat, J. 1982. Application of fluorescence microscopy to pollution studies on marine 
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