F. Große et al.: Looking beyond stratification
2533
www.biogeosciences.net/13/2511/2016/
Biogeosciences, 13, 2511-2535, 2016
Emeis, К.-C., van Beusekom, J., Callies, U., Ebinghaus, R., Kannen,
A., Kraus, G., Krôncke, I., Lenhart, L., Lorkowski, I.,
Matthias, V., Môllmann, C., Patsch, J., Scharfe, M., Thomas, H.,
Weisse, R., and Zorita, Z.: The North Sea - a shelf
sea in the Anthropocene, J. Marine Syst., 141, 18-33,
doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.03.012, 2015.
Friedrich, J., Janssen, E, Aleynik, D., Bange, H. W., Boltacheva,
N., Çagatay, M. N., Dale, A. W., Etiope, G., Erdem, Z., Geraga,
M„ Gilli, A., Gomoiu, M. T., Hall, P. O. J., Hansson, D„ He,
Y., Holtappels, M., Kirf, M. K., Kononets, M., Konovalov, S.,
Lichtschlag, A., Livingstone, D. M., Marinaro, G., Mazlumyan,
S., Naeher, S., North, R. P, Papatheodorou, G., Pfannkuche, O.,
Prien, R., Rehder, G., Schubert, C. J., Soltwedel, T, Sommer, S.,
Stahl, H., Stanev, E. V., Teaca, A., Tengberg, A., Waldmann, C.,
Wehrli, B., and Wenzhofer, E: Investigating hypoxia in aquatic
environments: diverse approaches to addressing a complex phenomenon,
Biogeosciences, 11, 1215-1259, doi: 10.5194/bg-ll-1215-2014,
2014.
Greenwood, N., Parker, E. R., Fernand, L., Sivyer, D. B., Weston,
K., Painting, S. J., Kroger, S., Forster, R. M., Lees, H. E., Mills,
D. K., and Laane, R. W. P. M.: Detection of low bottom water
oxygen concentrations in the North Sea; implications for monitoring
and assessment of ecosystem health, Biogeosciences, 7,
1357-1373, doi: 10.5194/bg-7-l357-2010, 2010.
Greenwood, N., Sivyer, D., Pearce, D., and Cutchey, S.: SmartBuoy
observational network - North Dogger, Centre for Environment,
Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk,
UK, doi:10.14466/CefasDataHub.29, 2016.
Grôger, M., Maier-Reimer, E., Mikolajewicz, U., Moll, A., and
Sein, D.: NW European shelf under climate warming: implications
for open ocean - shelf exchange, primary production,
and carbon absorption, Biogeosciences, 10, 3767-3792,
doi: 10.5194/bg-10-3767-2013, 2013.
Heath, M., Edwards, A., Patsch, J., and Turrell, W.: Modelling the
Behaviour of Nutrients in the Coastal Waters of Scotland, Scottish
Executive Central Research Unit, Edinburgh, 2002.
Jickells, T: Nutrient biogeochemistry of the coastal zone, Science,
281, 217-222, doi: 10.1126/science.281.5374.217, 1998.
Justic, D., Turner, R., and Rabalais, N.: Climatic influences on
riverine nitrate flux: implications for coastal marine eutrophication
and hypoxia, Estuaries, 26, 1-11, doi:10.1007/BF02691688,
2003.
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W, Deaven, D.,
Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J.,
Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J.,
Mo, K., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, R.,
Jenne, R., and Joseph, D.: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis
project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437M71, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2,
1996.
Kara, A., Rochford, P, and Hurlburt, H.: An optimal definition for
ocean mixed layer depth, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 105, 16803-16821,
doi: 10.1029/2000JC900072, 2000.
Kemp, W. M., Testa, J. M., Conley, D. J., Gilbert, D., and
Hagy, J. D.: Temporal responses of coastal hypoxia to nutrient
loading and physical controls, Biogeosciences, 6, 2985-3008,
doi: 10.5194/bg-6-2985-2009, 2009.
Kistler, R„ Collins, W„ Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Kalnay, E„
Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Kanamitsu, M., Kousky, V., van den
Dool, H., Jenne, R., and Fiorino, M.: The NCEP-NCAR 50-year
reanalysis: monthly means CD-ROM and documentation,
B. Am. Meterorol. Soc., 82, 247-267, doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0247:
TNNYRM>2.3 .CO;2, 2001.
Kröncke, I. and Knust, R.: The Dogger Bank: a special ecological
region in the central North Sea, Helgoland Mar. Res., 49, 335—
353, doi: 10.1007/BF02368361, 1995.
Lenhart, H.-J. and Pohlmann, T: The ICES-boxes approach in relation
to results of a North Sea circulation model, Tellus A, 49,
139-160, doi: 10.1034/j. 1600-0870.1997.00010.x, 1997.
Lenhart, H.-J., Mills, D., Baretta-Bekker, H., van Leeuwen, S.,
van der Molen, J., Baretta, J., Blaas, M., Desmit, X., Kühn, W.,
Lacroix, G., Los, H., Ménesguen, A., Neves, R., Proctor, R., Ruardij,
P, Skogen, M., Vanhoutte-Brunier, A., Villars, M., and
Wakelin, S.: Predicting the consequences of nutrient reduction
on the eutrophication status of the North Sea, J. Marine Syst.,
81, 148-170, doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.12.014, 2010.
Lohse, L., Kloosterhuis, H., van Raaphorst, W, and Helder, W.:
Denitrification rates as measured by the isotope pairing method
and by the acetylene inhibition technique in continental shelf
sediments of the North Sea, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 132, 169-179,
1996.
Lorkowski, I., Patsch, J., Moll, A., and Kühn, W.: Interannual
variability of carbon fluxes in the North Sea from 1970 to
2006 - Competing effects of abiotic and biotic drivers on the
gas-exchange of CO2, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 100, 38-57,
doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2011.11.037, 2012.
Lowe, J., Howard, T, Pardaens, A., Tinker, J., Holt, J., Wakelin, S.,
Milne, G., Leake, J., Wolf, J., Horsburgh, K., Reeder, T, Jenkins,
G., Ridley, J., Dye, S., and Bradley, S.: UK Climate Projections
Science Report: Marine and Coastal Projections, Tech,
rep., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK, available at: http:
//nora.nerc.ac.uk/9734/ (last access: 29 June 2015), 2009.
Mathis, M., and Pohlmann, T: Projection of physical conditions
in the North Sea for the 21st century. Clim. Res., 61, 1-17,
doi:10.3354/cr01232, 2014.
Meire, L., Soetaert, K. E. R., and Meysman, F. J. R.: Impact of
global change on coastal oxygen dynamics and risk of hypoxia,
Biogeosciences, 10, 2633-2653, doi:10.5194/bg-10-2633-2013,
2013.
Mills, D. K., Greenwood, N., Kröger, S., Devlin, M., Sivyer, D. B.,
Pearce, D., Cutchey, S., and Malcolm, S.: New approaches to
improve the detection of eutrophication in UK coastal waters,
Environ. Res. Eng. Manag., 2, 36^12, 2005.
Müller, L.: Sauerstoffdynamik der Nordsee - Untersuchungen mit
einem drei-dimensionalen Ökosystemmodell, Berichte des BSH,
43, 1-171, 2008 (in German only).
Neumann, T: Towards a 3D-ecosystem model of the Baltic Sea, J.
Marine Syst., 25, 405^119, doi:10.1016/S0924-7963(00)00030-0,
2000.
O’Boyle, S. and Nolan, G.: The influence of water column
stratification on dissolved oxygen levels in coastal and
shelf waters around Ireland, Biol. Environ., 110B, 195-209,
doi: 10.3318/BIOE.2010.110.3.195, 2010.
O’Driscoll, K., Mayer, B., Ilyina, T, and Pohlmann, T: Modelling
the cycling of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the North
Sea system: fluxes, loading, seasonality, trends, J. Marine Syst.,
Ill, 69-82, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2012.09.011, 2013.