54 
60 % Cl content) or fire retardants in plastics (short, medium, and long chain PCAs, 50- 
70 % Cl content). 
The world wide production of PCAs has been estimated to be 300 kt/year in 1993 (Muir 
et al., 2000). It is assumed to be about the same today. For example, the mPCA 
production capacity in the European Union was estimated to 45'000 to 160'000 t 
annually in 2002. However, the application of sPCAs decreased from 13'000 to 4'000 t 
in the European Union during 1994-1998 due to strong regulations (HELCOM, 2002). 
Table 8: Physical-chemical properties of selected PCAs. 
Compound 
Vapour pressure [Pa] a,b 
Water solubility [pg/l] a,b 
log Kow a ’ c 
CioHi 8 Cl 4 
66 
1260 
5.93 
C10H17CI5 
4-66 
678-994 
6.04-6.20 
C10H13CI9 
0.24 
na 
na 
C11H20CI4 
10 
575 
5.93 
C11H19Q5 
1-2 
546-962 
6.04-6.40 
CnHigCle 
0.5-2 
37 
6.4 
Ci2H 2 oCl 6 
na 
na 
6.40-6.77 
Ci2Hi 8 Cl 8 
na 
na 
7.0 
C13H23CI5 
0.032 
30 
6.61 
C13H21CI7 
na 
na 
7.14 
C17H32CI4 
4.0 10 -3 
2.9 10' 2 
na 
C17H27CI9 
1.7 10 -5 
6.6 10' 1 
na 
C20H38CI4 
4.5 10' 5 
na 
na 
C20H33O8 
1.9 10' 7 
5.3 10' 3 
na 
log K 0 w ; octanol-water partition coefficient, na: not available 
Data from: a Muir et al., 2000, b Drouillard et al., 1998, c Sijm and Sinnige, 1995 
Currently, the manufacture and use of sPCAs is banned in the European Community 
due to their higher aquatic toxicity compared to mPCA (European Community, 2002; 
see also Table 9). The average bioconcentration factor for sPCAs was estimated to ca. 
1100 and of mPCA to 7300 (OSPAR, 2002).