16

1700  ng/g  lipid.  However,  nothing  is  known  about  the  input  of  PCAs  into  the  sea  via
rivers.
sPCAs  and  mPCAs  are  part  of  the  OSPAR  List  of  Substances  of  Possible  Concern  and
of  the  HELCOM  list  of  Selected  Substances  for  Immediate  Priority  Action.  However,
the  OSPAR  List  of  Chemicals  for  Priority  Action  and  the  WFD  list  of  priority
substances  in  the  field  of  water  policy  contain  only  sPCAs.  In  Germany,  the  production
of  all  PCA  was  stopped  in  1998.  Moreover,  PC  A  application  is  prohibited  for  metal
working  and  leather  treatment  since  summer  2003  by  the  Directive  2002/45/EC.  Finally,
a  risk  assessment  was  carried  out  in  the  EU  for  sPCAs  and  mPCAs.
2.1.2  Characterisation  of  chlordanes
The  pesticide  technical  chlordane  was  first  synthesised  in  1945.  147  compounds  could
be  identified  in  technical  chlordane.  Main  constituents  are  about  24  %  trans-chlordane,
19  %  cis-chlordane,  9  %  y-chlordene,  7  %  heptachlor,  7  %  trans-nonachlor,  3  %
a-chlordene,  3  %  [3-chlordene,  1  %  chlordane  and  19.5  %  related  compounds  including
cis-nonachlor.  About  70’000  tons  were  manufactured  between  1960  and  1988.
Technical  chlordane  is  a  contact  and  stomach  pesticide  with  a  broad  spectrum.  It  was
mainly  used  for  building  protection,  ornamental  lawns  and  trees,  drainage  ditches,  but
also  to  protect  crops  like  com  and  potatoes.  Technical  chlordane  was  mainly  applied  for
termite  control.
Technical  chlordane  was  neither  manufactured  in  Europe  nor  in  Japan,  but  was
commercially  available  in  Germany  around  1950.  It  was  hardly  used  in  Europe  and  no
consumption  data  are  available  for  this  region.  First  restrictions  of  use  were  decided  in
1978  by  the  US  Environmental  Protection  Agency.  It  was  then  mainly  applied  for
termite  control  and  finally  banned  in  the  USA  in  1988  and  in  Central  America  in  1997.
Chlordane  is  registered  in  the  OSPAR  List  of  Substances  of  Possible  Concern  and  of  the
HELCOM  list  of  Selected  Substances  for  Immediate  Priority  Action.  However,  it  is  not
listed  in  the  OSPAR  List  of  Chemicals  for  Priority  Action  and  the  WFD  list  of  priority