164 
quantification: 0.01 ng/L) (Chernyak et al., 1996). Although trifluralin is subjected to 
rapid atmospheric and photochemical degradation, the authors attributed the observed 
trifluralin concentrations to long-range atmospheric transport. No data on trifluralin 
concentrations in sediments from the North and Baltic Seas are available. 
Trifluralin is a licensed product, which is used as a herbicide in most European 
countries. Approximately 3200 t is used annually in the EU, the most important users 
being France (1600 t/a) and the UK (657 t/a) (OSPAR background document, 2004). In 
1995, 100 to 200 t of the product was used in Germany. 
6.3 Applied Methodology 
6.3.1 State of the art of analysis 
As the target compounds have been commercially available for a long time, several 
analytical methods for their determination are described in literature. Most methods are 
based on GC procedures with different detectors, such as ECD, NPD and MS. MS has 
been used both with electron impact ionisation (El) and negative chemical ionisation 
(NCI). A selected list of relevant recent publications has been compiled in Table 65. 
Table 65: Overview of detection methods for the target compounds 
Compound 
Detection method 
Matrix 
LOD 
Source 
Chlorpyrifos 
MS (El) 
sediment 
1 pg/kg dw 
(Yim et al., 2002) 
MS (NCI) 
water 
1-10 pg/L 
(Liapis et al., 2000) 
Dicofol 
MS (NCI) 
water 
1-10 pg/L 
(Liapis et al., 2000) 
Endosulfan I 
ECD 
water 
0.0185 pg/L 
(Lipidoki, 2003) 
and II 
MS (NCI) 
water 
1-10 pg/L 
(Liapis et al., 2000) 
PCP 
ECD 
sediment 
0.1 pg/kg 
(Wegman et al., 1983) 
Trifluralin 
ECD 
sediment 
1 Pg/kg 
(Lee et al., 1983) 
MS (NCI) 
water 
1-10 pg/L 
(Liapis et al., 2000) 
Liapis (Liapis et al., 2000) described the simultaneous determination of chlorpyrifos- 
ethyl and -methyl, dicofol, endosulfan I and II, and trifluralin in water samples after