She  et  al.

Integrated  Coastal  and  Biological  Observing

Frontiers  in  Marine  Science  |  www.frontiersin.org

6

July  2019  |  Volume  6  |  Article  314

•  Contribute  to  a  global  observatory  network,  using
standard  protocols,  techniques,  and  appropriate  platforms,
and  ensuring  quality,  scalability,  interoperability  and
comparability,  especially  for  biological  observing.
Parameter  Integration
•  Support  parameter  integration  to  deliver  efficiently  and
timely  marine  observations  in  the  entire  spectrum  of
ocean  variables  and  significantly  improve  the  efficiency
of  the  data  use.
•  Bring  together  and  connect  the  different  marine  and
maritime  stakeholders  (from  research,  operational  service,
environmental  assessment  to  commercial  activities),
developing  common  data  policy  to  engage  data  providers
from  different  sectors  for  wider  data  access.
•  Support  integration  initiatives,  like  the  EMODnet,  EOOS
and  the  agreement  between  MBON,  the  GOOS  Biology
and  Ecosystems  Panel,  and  the  OBIS;  to  facilitate  user
applications  and  unlock  the  value  of  observations.
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Instrumental  Integration
•  Support  instrumental  integration  to  deliver  the  best
monitoring  products  through  integrating  different
monitoring  components  -  in  situ,  satellite,  and  modeling.
•  Filling  knowledge  gaps  for  the  development  of  coastal
and  ecological  services,  e.g.,  biogeochemical  and  biological
data  assimilation,  uncertainty  in  ecological  models,  optimal
sampling  design  methodology.
AUTHOR  CONTRIBUTIONS
All  authors  listed  have  made  a  substantial,  direct  and  intellectual
contribution  to  the  work,  and  approved  it  for  publication.
FUNDING
This  work  was  supported  by  Danish  Meteorological  Institute.
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Conflict  of  Interest  Statement:  The  authors  declare  that  the  research  was
conducted  in  the  absence  of  any  commercial  or  financial  relationships  that  could
be  construed  as  a  potential  conflict  of  interest.
Copyright  ©  2019  She,  Muñiz  Piniella,  Benedetti-Cecchi,  Boehme,  Boero,
Christensen,  Crowe,  Darecki,  Nogueira,  Gremare,  Hernandez,  Kouts,  Kromkamp,
Petihakis,  Sousa  Pinto,  Reissmann,  Tuomi  and  Zingone.  This  is  an  open-access  article
distributed  under  the  terms  of  the  Creative  Commons  Attribution  Ficense  (CC  BY).
The  use,  distribution  or  reproduction  in  other  forums  is  permitted,  provided  the
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