Le
a An
ADVANCING EARTH
AND SPACE SCIENCES
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
10.1029/2023JC019937
Sloyan, B. M., Talley, L. D., Chereskin, T. K., Fine, R., & Halte, J. (2010). Antarctic intermediate water and subantarctic mode water formation in
‘he Southeast Pacific: The role of turbulent mixing. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 40(7), 1558-1574. https://doi.org/10.1175/
2010JP04114.1
Speer, K., & Tziperman, E. (1992). Rates of water mass formation in the North Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 22(1), 93-104
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1992)022 <0093:rowmfi>2.0.co;2
Stendardo, I., Kieke, D., Rhein, M., Gruber, N., & Steinfeldt, R. (2015). Interannual to decadal oxygen variability in the mid-depth water masses of
the eastern North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers, 95, 85-98. https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.10.009
Stendardo, I., Rhein, M., & Steinfeldt, R. (2020). The North Atlantic Current and its volume and fresh-water transports in the subpolar North
Atlantic, time period 1993 - 2016. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 125(9), e2020JC016065. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016065
Stommel, H. (1979). Determination of water mass properties of water pumped down from the Ekman layer to the geostrophic flow below
(subtropical gyre/Ekman pumping/water mass origins). PNAS, 76(7), 3051-3055. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas. 76.7.3051
L’ooth, O. J., Johnson, H. L., & Wilson, C. (2023). Lagrangian overturning pathways in the Eastern Subpolar North Atlantic. Journal of Climate,
36(3), 823-844. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0985.1
Trossman, D. S., Thompson, L., Mecking, S., & Warner, M. J. (2012). On the formation, ventilation, and erosion of mode waters in the North
Atlantic and Southern Oceans. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117(9), C09026. https://doi.org/10. 1029/2012JC008090
Walin, G. (1982). On the relation between sea-surface heat flow and thermal circulation in the ocean. Tellus, 34(2), 187-195. https:/doi.org/10.
1111/7.2153-3490.1982.TB01806.X
Xu, X., Rhines, P. B., & Chassignet, E. (2018). On mapping the diapycnal water mass transformation of the Upper North Atlantic Ocean. Journal
of Physical Oceanography, 45(10), 2233-2258. https:/doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0223.1
/hang, R., Sutton, R., Danabasoglu, G., Kwon, Y. O., Marsh, R., Yeager, S. G., et al. (2019). A review of the role of the Atlantic meridional
overturning circulation in Atlantic multidecadal variability and associated climate impacts. Reviews of Geophysics, 57(2), 316-375. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2019RG000644
STENDARTIO ET
AL
}
af