System  Nordsee

255

Physical  Oceanography

Fig.  3-21:  Summery  temperature  stratification  (°C)  along  56  °N  for  years  2002  through  2008...
118
Fig.  3-22:  Temperature  stratification  (°C)  in  2005  at  MARNET  stations  >Deutsche  BuchU,  >Ems<
and  >NSB  Ilk  Sensor  depths:  3,6,10,15,20,25,30,35  m  120
Fig.  3-23:  Time  series  of  annual  (Dec.  through  Nov.)  North  Sea  SST  together  with  linear  trend
and  regimes.  Annual  data  blue  if  <  9.86  °C  (base  period  mean  1971-  1993),  red  otherwise.
Right  scale:  standardised  departures  (o  =  0.46  K)  122
Fig.  3-24:  Sketch  of  annual  temperature  swing  (mean  and  seasonal  extremes)  in  continental
and  maritime  climates  (CON  &  MAR)  as  well  as  in  cool  and  warm  mishmash-climates  (MMC/
cold-regime  &  MMW/  warm-regime)  123
Fig.  3-25:  Linear  relation  between  annual  North  Sea  SST  and  winter  NAO  index  for  various  time
windows.  Slopes  in  Kper  index  unit  with  95  %  confidence  interval.  Right  scale:  standardized
anomaly  (1971-  1993,  9.86  ±  0.46  °C)  127
Fig.  3-26:  Cumulated  standardized  anomalies  for  winter  (DJF)  and  annual  (December  through
November)  North  Sea  SST  versus  cumulated  winter  NAO  index  (Koslowski  and  Loewe  1994)
during  1969  -  2006  128
Fig.  3-27:  Same  as  Fig.  3-25,  except  for  the  difference  between  SSTs  in  winter  (DJF)  and  preceding ­
  fall  (November).  Right  scale:  standardized  anomaly  (1971  -  1993,-2.99  ±0.63  K)...  129
Fig.  3-28:  Same  as  Fig.  3-26,  except  for  the  difference  between  SSTs  in  winter  (DJF)  and  in  the
preceding  fall  (November)  130
Fig.  3-29:  Accumulated  areal  ice  volume  for  the  German  North  Sea  coast  during  1897  -  2005..
132
Fig.  3-30:  Seasonal  near-surface  and  -bottom  salinity  distributions  in  2005  136
Fig.  3-31:  Salinity  stratification  in  summer  2005  (RVGauR,  Cruise  #446)  137
Fig.  3-32:  Salinity  in  the  >Fair  Isle  CurrenU  (0-100  m).  Stippled:  Annual  composites  and  sample
size  (circle);  Blue/Red:  5-/18-point  Gaussian  low-pass  filter.  Right  scale:  standardised  departures ­
  of  raw  annual  composites  from  1971  -2000  base  period  mean.  Raw  data  courtesy
S.  Flughes,  Fisheries  Research  Services,  Aberdeen,  UK.  139
Fig.  3-33:  Probability  density  function  (f)  and  cumulative  distribution  function  (F)  for  the  normalized ­
  excursion  (z  =  x/amplitude)  of  a  harmonic  oscillator.  The  probability  Pr(Z  <  z)  to  observe ­
  the  oscillator  in  states  Z<zis  given  by  the  area  under  f(z)  in  the  interval  [-  1,Z].  States
within  and  beyond  ±  7  a  (standard  deviation)  are  egually  likely  (50%)  140
Fig.  3-34:  Band-pass  filtered  salinity  in  the  >Fair  Isle  CurrenU  (0-  100  m).  Right  scale:  standardized ­
  anomalies  (1971  -  2000).  Relative  freguency  of  salinities  exceeding  ±  7  standard  deviation ­
  (heavy  bullets)  amounts  to  44%.  Probabilities  of  observing  the  state  of  a  harmonic
oscillator  within  intervals  ±  7  and  ±1  to  A  =  ±  2 a5 (amplitude)  are  50  %  each  141
Fig.  3-35:  Annual  runoff  of  Elbe  River  at  Neu-Darchau  weir  with  long-term  mean  (1971  -2000)
and  95  %-limits.  1  km 3 /a  is  eguivalent  to  31.7  m 3 /s.  (Raw  data  courtesy  WSA-Lauenburg.)..
142
Fig.  3-36:  Monthly  mean  and  maximum  runoff  of  Elbe  River  in  2005  at  Neu-Darchau  weir  together ­
  with  1971  -2000  base  period  monthly  means  and  95%-band  (climatology  ±1.96
standard  deviations).  1000  m 3 /s  are  eguivalent  to  2.592  km 3 /month.  (Raw  data  courtesy  of
WSA-Lauenburg.)  142
Fig.  3-37:  Seasonal  cycle  2005  of  monthly  mean  SSS  at  Flelgoland  Roads  together  with  monthly
extremes,  1971  -  2000  base  period  monthly  means  and  95%-band  (climatology  ±  1.96standard
  deviations).  (Raw  data  courtesy  ofK.  Wiltshire,  Biologische  Anstalt  Flelgoland.)  ...  143