3

1  INTRODUCTION  6
2  SELECTED  LITERATURE  AND  WEB  SITES  7
3  SOURCES  OF  RELEVANCE  TO  THE  NORTH  SEA  9
3.1  Earthquakes  9
3.2  Volcanic  eruptions  10
3.3  Slope  failures  11
3.4  Meteoritic  impacts  13
4  HISTORIC  TSUNAMI  AFFECTING  THE  NORTH  SEA  15
5  TSUNAMI  BEHAVIOUR  UPON  REACHING  SHALLOW  WATER  16
5.1  Wave  theoretical  interpretation  16
5.1.1  Wave  theories  16
5.1.2  Equations  of  wave  theories  18
5.1.3  Applicability  of  the  equations  to  tsunami  events  19
5.2  Propagation  and  modification  in  the  deep  ocean  23
5.3  Modification  on  the  continental  slope  24
5.4  Modification  and  attenuation  on  the  continental  shelf  25
5.4.1  Modification  25
5.4.2  Attenuation  26
5.4.3  Topographic  effects  28
5.5  Modification  near  the  coastline  29
6  MODEL  CONCEPT  31
6.1  Concepts  of  existing  models  and  their  relevance  to  BSH  models  31
6.1.1  Generation  of  an  initial  distribution  of  the  surface  elevation  31
6.1.2  Propagation  and  modification  in  the  near  field  31
6.1.3  Deep  ocean  propagation  32
6.1.4  Modification  on  the  continental  slope  32
6.1.5  Propagation  and  modification  on  the  shelf  33
6.1.6  Boundary  conditions  36
6.1.7  Propagation  and  modification  in  near-shore  areas  and  estuaries  39
6.1.8  Run-up  and  inundation  40
6.2  Outlook  for  dispersion  modelling  in  BSH  models  40
7  MODEL  SIMULATIONS  AS  PART  OF  THE  PROJECT  43
7.1  Boundary  conditions  and  input  signals  45
7.2  North-East  Atlantic  Ocean  46
7.2.1  Propagation  47
7.2.2  Travel  times  and  water  levels  49